Fabrication of microperforated panel (MPP) using an additive manufacturing (AM) process produced imperfect perforations with an irregular shape, inconsistent size, and rough inner surface (due to burr formation). This imperfect hole condition leads to a significant deviation between measured and modeled acoustic properties. This study aims to introduce the resistance end correction factor (

Intensity of solar irradiance directly affects solar power generation and this makes solar irradiance forecasting a vital process in energy management systems. Existing forecasting systems show positive solar irradiance forecasting performance, but most of them are not accurate in real-life especially when there are fast-moving clouds, causing highly fluctuating solar irradiance profile, which is difficult to predict. Moreover, the requirement to pre-train Artificial Intelligence-based forecasting system has made solar irradiance forecasting impractical as long-hour weather profiles need to be collected prior to deployment. This paper proposes a new artificial intelligent algorithm namely the Regression Enhanced Incremental Self-organising Neural Network (RE-SOINN) for accurate (even for highly fluctuating profile) and adaptive solar irradiance forecasting. This algorithm works by learning the time-series solar irradiance data incrementally and predicting it in real-time. It is novel in terms of enabling the learning of data from discrete (as in the conventional) to continuous using the regression method. The proposed algorithm further improves the prediction accuracy by decomposing the input data into two components (low and high frequency components) before feeding into the RE-SOINNs. Results showed that the proposed algorithm achieves higher accuracy compared to the Persistence model, Exponential Smoothing Model and Artificial Neural Networks.

Gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) are better replacement of liquid electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) but they have low efficiency due to insufficient segmental motion within the electrolyte. By incorporating transition metal oxide nanofiller, it can improve the performance of DSSC due to the existence of cross-linking center that provides interaction with polymer side chain and redox mediator. Two different transition metal oxides (namely, manganese oxide, MnO2 and cobalt oxide, Co3O4) were synthesized using sonochemical method and incorporated as nanofiller. Poly (vinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) (P(VB-co-VA-co-VAc)) as a host terpolymer and sodium iodide (NaI) as a dopant salt were used to formulate the composite gel terpolymer electrolytes (CGPEs). The two different shapes of nanofiller have impacted the performance of CGPE proven by the structural analysis. It was found that both systems, the highest ionic conductivity achieved at 2.5 wt% of MnO2 and Co3O4 content with values of 6.40 and 5.2 mS cm−1, respectively. Surprisingly, the performance DSSC of Co3O4-based CGPE was higher due to the strong Lewis's acidity of Co3O4, which absorb more iodide ions into the surface and facilitating the ions mobility. CGPE containing 2.5 wt% Co3O4 yield the highest efficiency, with value of 3.69%.

Copolymers are materials with contrasting properties such as mechanical stability and electrical performance that can be linked together to enhance the flexibility of the polymer chain. In this present work, a series of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (PAA)-based gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) containing iodide/triiodide (I−/I3) redox mediator from sodium iodide (NaI) dopant salt was synthesized. Temperature-dependent ionic conductivity of the GPEs was observed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the temperature range of 303–363 K. The GPE with 50 wt% of NaI salt (PAA-50) achieved the highest ionic conductivity (σ) of 3.79 × 10−2 S cm−1 at ambient temperature with an activation energy of 0.098 eV. FTIR was utilized to evaluate the formation of complexes between the copolymer and additives in the GPEs. The DSSCs were assembled by sandwiching the GPEs between a photoanode and platinum (Pt) counter electrode for photovoltaic studies. PAA-50 achieved the highest photovoltaic conversion efficiency (η) of 0.325% with short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 1.2807 mA cm−2, open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.442 mV, and fill factor (FF) of 59.76%.

Electric vehicles (EVs) of the modern era are almost on the verge of tipping scale against internal combustion engines (ICE). ICE vehicles are favorable since petrol has a much higher energy density and requires less space for storage. However, the ICE emits carbon dioxide which pollutes the environment and causes global warming. Hence, alternate engine technology is the need of the current era to mitigate the existing problems and keep the environment clean. With the advancements of batteries and supercapacitors have seen some production of EVs having same or even higher total mileage per full tank, some even reach 580 km per charge. The energy generated from solar cell is one of the best sources of energy to integrate with the batteries and supercapacitors for electric vehicles. In this review, different types of solar cells and their integration with supercapacitors and batteries have been discussed for electric vehicles.

Solvent evaporation and leakage of liquid electrolytes that restrict the practicality of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) motivate the quest for the development of stable and ionic conductive electrolyte. Gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) fits the criteria, but it still suffers from low efficiency due to insufficient segmental motion within the electrolytes. Therefore, incorporating metal oxide nanofiller is one of the approaches to enhance the performance of electrolytes due to the presence of cross-linking centers that can be coordinated with the polymer segments. In this research, polymer composite gel electrolytes (PCGEs) employing poly (vinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) (P(VB-co-VA-co-VAc)) terpolymer as host polymer, tetrapropylammonium iodide (TPAI) as dopant salt, and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles as the nanofillers were produced. The CuO nanofillers were synthesized by sonochemical method and subsequently calcined at different temperatures (i.e., 200, 350, and 500 °C), denoted as CuO-200, CuO-350, and CuO-500, respectively. All CuO nanoparticles have different shapes and sizes that are connected in a chain which impact the amorphous phase and the roughness of the surface, proven by the structural and the morphological analyses. It was found that the PCGE consisting of CuO-350 exhibited the highest ionic conductivity of 2.54 mS cm−1 and apparent diffusion coefficient of triiodide of 1.537

Binary metal sulfide–based electrode materials with distinct nanoarchitecture, improved conductivities, and fascinating mechanical stabilities are required for the development of nearly all energy storage devices with promising energy density, power density, and stability. Herein, binder-free electrodes were fabricated by direct growth of zinc sulfide–doped manganese (ZnS@Mn) on nickel foam (NF) using hydrothermal method. Different hydrothermal heating times and temperatures were employed to develop the best optimized electrodes for the supercapattery. The synthesized ZnS@Mn nanostructures were characterized through X-ray diffraction structural analysis and morphology studies were conducted using field emission scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical studies reveal that 6 h of heating at temperature of 150 °C had achieved significantly improved specific capacitance of 2913 Fg−1 and 1722 Fg−1 at 1 Ag−1 and 10 Ag−1, respectively, while exhibiting an excellent rate capability of 59% at 10 Ag−1. A supercapattery was assembled using the best optimized electrode results in maximum specific capacitance of 263 Fg−1 with an energy density and power density of 9.14 Wh kg−1 and 249.95 W kg−1, respectively.

In this review article, a considerable discussion and details on peak shaving strategies involving incorporation of the electric vehicles to the grid, integration of energy storage system, demand-side management, and renewable energy sources have been presented. Three types of peak shaving using energy storage systems, such as the battery energy storage system, supercapacitor energy storage system, and flywheel energy storage system, have been explained with the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches. In one of these studies, the integration of a renewable photovoltaic source with battery energy storage in peak shaving has successfully produced an annual savings of $155 675.00. The introduction to the cost–benefit and sustainable second-life batteries energy storage and their relationship with electric vehicles is also described. Another study involving electric vehicles BYD e6, which have the cheapest energy storage cost of 0.1208 $ kWh−1 and participated the most in peak shaving, obtains the most significant individual net income compared to other vehicles. Different demand-side management practices and their advantages are thoroughly discussed. Finally, this article also includes the challenges, importance, perspectives, future work suggestions, and improvements on peak shaving performance, such as implying the smart grid energy storage technology to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 7.