LED lamps for general room lighting is increasingly popular due to their many advantages including their tunability and color mixing abilities over their predecessors of halogen and fluorescent bulbs. Studies have shown that different color lighting have various effects on humans, but room lighting conditions can vary due to LED color shift or other lighting factors. This paper presents a novel closed-loop control algorithm using a typical Android smartphone camera to control an RGB luminaire. When tested in a controlled lab environment, it was able to produce an average chromaticity difference Δu',v' of 0.0225 to the selected colors.

Interdigitated electrode based electrical biosensors are prominent in biosensor field. The large number of finger electrodes as comb structure gain high sensitivity through electrical measurements. Listeria monocytogenes is a serious food borne pathogen based bacterium that can cause dangerous disease to human, some infection may result in death. In here, biosensor was prepared from 1μm gap Aluminum Interdigitated Electrode (Al IDE). Functionalization steps of the Al IDE to create biosensor was based on silanization by APTES, immobilization with Gold Nano particles (GNPs) mixed single stranded Listeria synthetic probe ssDNA with Au nano-particles and blocking with tween-20. Before and after functionalization the sensor was characterized morphologically using SEM images and structurally using EDX spectra. The functionalization steps were electrically characterized using current-voltage measurements. The selectivity of the biosensor with specific target was identified electrically using complementary, non-complementary and single base mismatch ssDNA targets. Blocking step with tween-20 was important to detect target specifically. The obtained variations in current indicate the varied concentrations of Listeria targets and it is confirmed that biosensor is suitable to detect different concentrations in the range from 10 fM to 10 μM.

Si is one of the most common, and prominent element in electronic field. In this research, Al based interdigitated electrical biosensors was prepared using Si as base material to detect Salmonella enterica typhi (S. typhi). The usage of the IDE sensors in the biosensor field is tremendous in these days because of the large number of comb structured finger electrodes gain high sensitivity. S. typhi is a very harmful food borne pathogen, makes typhoid disease which causes many deaths annually in worldwide. The AutoCAD software was used to design the chrome mask of IDE sensor. The fabrication process was done using conventional photolithography method. The fabricated Al-IDE, morphologically analyzed using SEM and further structurally characterized using EDX. The SEM depicted the well fabricated interdigitated electrode fingers and finger gaps are nearly equal to 50 μm and 1μm, respectively as designed dimensions. Silanization by APTES, immobilization with carboxylic functionalized S. typhi ssDNA probes and blocking with tween-20 were the major functionalization steps. The sensitivity measurements were done using different concentration of complementary targets and selectivity measurements were done using complementary, non-complementary and single base mismatch ssDNA samples. Each step was electrically characterized using Nyquist plot by impedance analyzer. Selectivity measurement confirmed, the tween-20 was important for the specificity of biosensor. The sensitivity measurements further verify that the biosensor is appropriate for detection of various concentrations from 1 fM to 1 μM of S. typhi targets.

Generally, the electrical biosensor usually shows extremely low current signal output around pico ampere to microampere range. In this research, electronic reader with amplifier has been demonstrated to detect ultra low current via the biosensor. The operational amplifier Burr-Brown OPA 128 and Arduino Uno board were used to construct the portable electronic reader. There are two cascaded inverting amplifier were used to detect ultra low current through the biosensor from pico amperes (pA) to nano amperes ranges (nA). A small known input current was form by applying variable voltage between 0.1V to 5.0V across a 5GΩ high resistor to check the amplifier circuit. The amplifier operation was measured with the high impedance current source and has been compared with the theoretical measurement. The Arduino Uno was used to convert the analog signal to digital signal and process the data to display on reader screen. In this project, Proteus software was used to design and test the circuit. Then it was implemented together with Arduino Uno board. Arduino board was programmed using C programming language to make whole circuit communicate each order. The current was measured then it shows a small difference values compared to theoretical values, which is approximately 14pA.

Low power electrical output detection based electronic readers are the key factor for biosensor commercialization. Generally, two-electrode based amperometric biosensors show extremely low current signal output around picoampere (pA) to microampere (μA) range. In this research, a portable electronic reader system with I/V converter amplifier was developed to detect current output values for two-electrode amperometric biosensors in selectable ranges of pA to nA. The system consists of commercially available two inverting amplifiers Burr-Brown OPA 129, microcontroller unit (MCU), 16-bit I2C, extra component for input/output protection, and power supply unit. The Arduino software and Proteus software were used to design and simulate the system properly before implement the hardware part. The complete system was verified via testing with variable high-impedance current source as input and compared the experimental result with theoretical output. The range of the current measurement of the system was from 1 pA to 250 nA for two-electrode based biosensors.

Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is becoming a dominant tool for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics in the medical field, in the recent years. Multi-disease analysis using single chip via delivery of fluid with the same condition of multiple transducers without contamination is the pathway of multi-channel microfluidic based LOCs. The LOC system was designed using SOLTDWORKS software. The microfluidic photomask was designed by using AutoCAD software to make chrome mask. The SU-8 negative photoresist was used for master mold preparation through a photolithography process. PDMS was used as a medium of the microfluidic. The low power microscope, high power microscope, and surface profilometer were used to morphologically characterize the microfluidic mold and the PDMS microfluidic. 3-in-l nano biosensor kit was attached with the microfluidic to produce Nano-Biolab-on-a-chip (NBLOC) device. The structural integrity of the system was observed by dropping food coloring dye through the inlet and collecting at the outlet.

With the higher demand of preventative healthcare in order to minimize costs and improve healthcare systems, the development and enhancement of sensor technology is vital. It is essential to develop a diagnostic device that can minimize time and lower task in testing, and can effectively reduce manufacturing and delivery costs because of portability of its designs. Here, we briefly describe the fabrication of aluminum interdigitated electrodes and deposition of gold nanorod on the fabricated microelectrode that can detect changes on the modified surface of the aluminum interdigitated electrode. Electrodes made from aluminum was employed for the fabrication because it is the most widely used electrode. Gold nanorod was deposited on the desired surface in order to enhance an enzymatic Response. The use of gold nanorod also enhances the sensitivity of detection due to the decrease of the thickness of probed zone. A simple and facile method for the deposition of gold nanorod colloid was described via a simple photolithographic technique on the interdigitated electrode (IDE). The gold nanoparticles pattern deposition on IDE was investigated by high power microscope (HPM), 3D Profilometer, and atomic force microscope (AFM).

Amplification of nano and mircoampere electrical signal to the detectable range is essential in the biosensor field. This research is mainly focused on design an amplifier circuit to capture and amplify three different range of current as nano, micro and mili ampere and convert it to detectable voltage range as an output signal to the processing circuit. The Proteus 8 Pro software was used to design, simulate and calibrate the amplifier circuit. Firstly, current input as mili, micro and nano current were flown through 0.1 mΩ, 10 Ω and 10 KΩ resistors, respectively to convert different current inputs to the similar range in micro voltage. The MAX 4238 opamp IC was used to amplify micro voltage to mili voltage. LM 358 dual operational amplifier was used to supply virtual ground to MAX 4238 amplifier. The amplified output voltage of three different current inputs as nano, micro and mili were nearly equal to theoretical outputs.